Sex Differences in Cognitive Reflection: A Meta-Analysis.

The current study presents a meta-analytic review of the differences between men and women in cognitive reflection (CR). The study also explores whether the type of CR test (i.e., numerical tests and verbal tests) moderates the relationship between CR and sex. The results showed that men score higher than women on CR, although the magnitude of these differences was small. We also found out that the type of CR test moderates the sex differences in CR, especially in the numerical tests. In addition, the results showed that the length of numerical tests (i.e., number of items) does not affect the differences between men and women in CR. Finally, the implications of these results are discussed, and future research is suggested.

Economic Stress, Employee Commitment, and Subjective Well-Being / [El estrés económico, el compromiso del empleado y el bienestar subjetivo]

COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented health and economic crises across the world. Millions of businesses have been obliged to shut down, and millions of jobs have been lost. These effects have created a very severe economic-related stress level, which can have consequences on psychological well-being (PWB) and economic commitment (EC). This study examined the relationships between objective and subjective indicators of income-related stress and employment-related stress and PWB and EC. The 697 participants were contacted during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample includes private-sector employees, civil service employees, self-employed, furloughed employees, and unemployed. Results show that the economic stress produced by COVID-19, as estimated by a compound of objective and subjective income-and employment-related stress, produced a negative effect on PWB (r = .21, p < .001) and EC (r = .29, p < .001). Multiple regression showed that subjective income-related stress was the main predictor of PWB, positive affect, and negative affect and that economic deprivation and objective employment-related stress were the predictors of EC and its three components, affective, normative, and continuity. Finally, the contribution and some practical implications of the findings are discussed.(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado crisis económicas y de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo. Millones de empresas se han visto obligadas a cerrar y se han perdido millones de puestos de trabajo. Estos efectos han dado lugar a un nivel de estrés económico muy elevado, que puede tener consecuencias sobre el bienestar psicológico (BP) y el compromiso económico (CE). El estudio examina las relaciones entre los indicadores objetivos y subjetivos del estrés y los ingresos y el estrés asociado al empleo, el BP y el CE. Se tomó contacto con los 697 participantes durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra cubre empleados del sector privado y de la administración pública, trabajadores por cuenta propia, empleados con permiso temporal y desempleados. Los resultados muestran que el estrés económico producido por COVID-19, calculado como un compuesto de estrés objetivo y subjetivo asociado a los ingresos y al empleo, ejerce un efecto negativo en el BP (r = .21, p < .001) y el CE (r = .29, p < .001). La regresión múltiple muestra que el estrés subjetivo relacionado con los ingresos fue el principal predictor del BP y del afecto positivo y negativo y que la privación económica y el estrés objetivo vinculado al empleo predicen el CE y sus tres componentes, afectivo, normativo y de continuidad. Finalmente, se discute la contribución y algunas implicaciones prácticas de los resultados.(AU)

Counterproductive Academic Behaviors and Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis and a Path Analysis Model.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) are a complex phenomenon that affects academic institutions in multiple geographical areas with different cultures, values, and social norms. The high incidence of CAB causes problems of critical importance that transcend the educational domain. The current study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the CAB consequences by focusing on its impact on academic performance (AP). For this purpose, a meta-analysis was conducted in order to examine the relationship between CAB, its facets, and AP. The results show that overall CAB and students' performance are negatively related with a true effect size of ρ = -0.40 (K = 231, N = 127,269). Particularly, absenteeism appeared to be the facet most strongly related to AP (ρ = -0.48, K = 117, N = 69,453). A meta-analytic path analysis model was carried out in order to test the predictive validity of CAB, students' personality characteristics, and intelligence on AP. Results show that conscientiousness and cognitive intelligence have a negative relationship with CAB (ß = -0.28 and ß = -0.20, respectively), and that conscientiousness, openness to experience, intelligence, and CAB can explain 58% of AP true variance. Meta-analyses of moderator variables and hierarchical meta-analyses are also presented. The implications for research and practice are discussed at the end.

Personality, intelligence, and counterproductive academic behaviors: A meta-analysis.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) are a major problem for educational institutions all over the world. For this reason, to determine the potential predictors of CAB is relevant. After defining CAB and introducing a typology of seven CABs facets (i.e., cheating, absenteeism, plagiarism, deception, breach of rules, low effort, and misuse of resources), this study reports on a comprehensive meta-analysis carried out to estimate the relationships between CAB and its facets with the Big Five personality dimensions and intelligence. Results showed that conscientiousness (K = 77, N = 31,473, ρ = -.28) and agreeableness (K = 56, N = 24,436, ρ = -.14) were predictors of the student's propensity to engage in CAB. Conscientiousness also predicted the 7 facets of CAB, particularly absenteeism (ρ = -.30), cheating (ρ = -.34), misuse of resources (ρ = -.32), low effort (ρ = -.29), and breach of rules (ρ = -.27). Intelligence showed a negative relationship with CAB (K = 55, N = 30,052, ρ = -.19), and it was the best predictor of deception (K = 18, N = 3,575 ρ = -.48). The educational level, the type of cognitive tests, and the intelligence factor assessed were relevant moderators of the validity estimates. The validity of a compound of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intelligence was .42 for predicting overall CAB. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Convergent and predictive validity of the Big Five factors assessed with single stimulus and quasi-ipsative questionnaires / La validez convergente y predictiva de los factores Big Five medidos con cuestionarios de estímulo único y quasiipsativos

This research examines the convergent-discriminant and predictive validity of the Big Five personality dimensions assessed with two different formats of personality inventories: a single-stimulus (SS) and a quasi-ipsative forced-choice (FC). The relationship between both types of measures and intelligence (GMA) was also analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the SS and the quasi-ipsative FC measures present a high convergent-discriminant validity; (2) the Big Five personality dimensions, assessed with both questionnaires, and GMA are independent constructs; and (3) both types of personality measures have similar predictive validity for the three criteria examined (academic performance, training success, and interpersonal competence). As expected, conscientiousness was the best predictor of academic performance and training success. Extraversion was the best predictor of interpersonal competence. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed

Esta investigación examina la validez convergente y discriminante y la validez predictiva de los cinco grandes factores de personalidad evaluados con dos formatos diferentes de inventarios de personalidad: estímulo único (SS) y de elección forzosa quasiipsativo (EF). También se analizó la relación entre los dos tipos de medidas e inteligencia (GMA). Los resultados mostraron que: (1) las medidas SS y las medidas EF quasiipsativas presentan una alta validez convergente y discriminante, (2) los cinco grandes factores de personalidad, evaluados con ambos cuestionarios, y GMA son constructos independientes y (3) ambos tipos de medidas de personalidad tienen validez predictiva similar para los tres criterios examinados (desempeño académico, éxito en la formación y competencia interpersonal). Como se esperaba, el mejor predictor del desempeño académico y del éxito en la formación fue el factor responsabilidad. La extraversión fue el mejor predictor de la competencia interpersonal. Finalmente, se comentan las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados

Individual differences and counterproductive academic behaviors in high school.

Counterproductive academic behaviors (CAB) is a problem that has plagued academic institutions for centuries. However, research has mostly been focused on higher learning institutes in North America. For this reason, literature on CAB must be expanded to other geographical areas and academic levels. The present research analyses the prevalence and correlates of CAB in a sample of Spanish high school students. The results indicate that CAB is a common phenomenon, cheating and low effort behaviors being the most prevalent forms. Correlational analyses revealed that conscientiousness (ρ = -.55, p < .01), emotional stability (ρ = .28, p < .01), and agreeableness (ρ = -.26, p < .05) are predictors of CAB. Multiple regression analyses showed that conscientiousness is the dimension exerting the strongest impact on CAB (ß = -.64, p < .01), followed by agreeableness, and emotional stability. These three dimensions accounted for 51% of CAB variance. Last, implications for theory and practice are described.

Procedimientos de selección de personal en pequeñas y medianas empresas españolas / Personnel selection procedures in Spanish small and medium size organizations

Este estudio analiza el grado de uso de los diferentes instrumentos de selección en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYME) españolas. Los resultados encontrados muestran que el CV, las referencias y la entrevista sin estructura son empleados por la mayoría de las empresas tanto medianas como pequeñas. Estos instrumentos no son los mejores en términos de sus propiedades psicométricas. Los resultados también indican que otros instrumentos con buenas o excelentes propiedades psicométricas, como los tests de habilidades cognitivas, las medidas de personalidad, las entrevistas estructuradas y las pruebas profesionales, son empleados por un porcentaje cada vez mayor de empresas. Por último, se comentan las implicaciones que estos resultados tienen para la práctica profesional y se ofrecen sugerencias para futuras investigaciones (AU)

The aim of this study is to analyze the degree of use of different selection instrument in small and medium size Spanish companies (PYMES). The findings show that the CV, references, and unstructured interviews are used by the majority of both medium and small companies. These instruments are not the best in terms of psychometric properties. The results also indicate that other instruments with good to excellent psychometric properties such as tests of cognitive abilities, personality measures, structured interviews, and professional tests are used in an increasing number of companies. The implications these findings have for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed (AU)